As the UK  and international cycling season begins to swing into action, it's also the time that my blog articles on cycling will start to reappear (see also the Team Grumpy blog).

Some really quite sad news from the recently completed Tour of Qatar cycling stage race this week: one of the riders (Frederiek Nolf, of Team Topsport Vlaanderen-Mercator) died in his sleep, just five days short of his 22nd birthday.  The newsflash at cyclingnews.com (Belgian rider passes away in Qatar) was published on 5th February: the following stage was neutralised out of respect.

Followers of the huge Operacion Puerto blood doping scandal will remember the affair - Spanish doctor Eufemiano Fuentes offered a blood doping service to professional sportsmen (and presumably sportswomen).  His services are most talked about in the context of professional cycling, but in fact his clients are reported to have included professional sportsmen from other sports.

The saga began with police raids in 2006, when Spain's Guardia Civil collected coded blood bags during its raid on the offices of Doctor Eufemiano Fuentes.  (There is excellent coverage over at cyclingnews.com going back several years.) Fuentes' scheme was to withdraw blood from the cyclists, and store it for retransfusion, a process known as blood doping. This is a formerly legal technique (I believe it was used in the past by the US Olympic track cycling team( but it has been prohibited for many years now.  It's still clearly in use - witness the sorry tales of (for example) Vinokourov and Hamilton in recent years.

When Astana rider Alxender Vinokourov was busted from the 2007 Tour de France for a pretty obvious case of blood doping, he received an astonishingly light 12 month ban from the Kazakhstan cycling federation.  A UCI challenge to the lack of severity was postponed because the dope cheat retired at that point.

Now that Vinokourov has announced his return from retirement, cyclingnews.com reports that the UCI has reactivated the appeal.  The UCI apparently seeks a doubling of his ban.  And so they should.  The guy is a fraud and cheat, and lied about the blood doping bust at the time, with flimsy excuses that his abnormal blood results were due to his injuries sustained earlier in the Tour de France.

Blood dope cheat Ivan Basso's back in action after serving his 16 months ban handed down for depositing blood in the Fuentes blood bank clinic.  He's riding for Liquigas, though it's not clear how this squares with the rule that riders busted for doping violations are not to ride for Pro-Tour teams for two years after they return from their ban.

Bernhard Kohl, the second CERA cheat (after Stefan Schumacher) on the soon-to-be-defunct Gerolsteiner team has confessed to doping, and has not requested the B sampled be tested.  Sadly the two Gerolsteiner positives continue to have a negative effect on German cycle sport:  Cyclingnews.com reports the Tour of Deutschlandand the Stuttgart Six have been cancelled as sponsors pull out of the sport.  Two German TV channels have announced they won't broadcast the Tour de France.  Well done Kohl and Schumacher, and other pro cyclists who decide to cheat - see what the consequences are?

Bernhard Kohl has apparently been interviewed about his slide into doping (cyclingnews.com).  The essential points make for interesting reading:

His decision to dope followed an extended period without results despite a good showing in the Dauphine Libere, a crash, and an awareness that contract negotiations for next season go on during and after the Tour d France.  He claims it was his decision to take CERA.  He complains about the press blaming riders alone for doping.  The media blame game may well be directed at the riders, and I think this raises interesting points.

So Frank Schleck transfers 7000 euros to Dr Eufemiano Fuentes, who he claims never to have met, has never sought to make use of a prohibited substance or method. Should I send him my bank details so he can send me 7000 euros? (Report at cyclingnews.com)

Seriously, how stupid does he think we are? What was the payment for, then?  He goes on to offer a DNA test to match the blood bags retrieved during the investigation.  Whats that?  The blood's not available for testing?  That's OK then.

Cyclingnews.com reports that Alexander Vinokourov, dumped in spectacular style during the 2007 Tour de France for blood doping (which fuelled a spectacular return to form after an injury-plagued race) is planning a come-back.  He says he's likely to return to the Astana team (the same team now run by Lance Armstrong's mate Johan Bruyneel and which Armstrong will ride for in his comeback season).

Has the world gone mad, or just Vinokourov?  It was Vino and his fellow team mates that earned Astana such a reputation for doping that they were excluded from the 2008 Tour de France.  Vino's ban for doping was astonishingly light, at a mere 12 months, and was the subject of a CAS appeal by the UCI, who suspended it following Vinokourov's retirement.  What responsible cycling team would touch him, even with a ten foot bargepole?

We've known for some weeks now that the Tour de France organisers have been re-examining a bunch of samples from the 2008 race, and recent indications were that 14 of these were sent for detailed analysis to look for traces of the EPO variant of choice in the prop peleton, CERA.  Athletes had believed that various characteristics of CERA, and its dosage regime would render it undetectable.

That this was wildly optimistic was revealed by a series of positive tests, as reported by cyclingnews.com.

Well, here's a turn up for the books - a doping blog entry not specifically about cycling.  I've blogged a couple of times about several pro cyclists who've tested positive for a new derivative of EPO, CERA.  One of the complaints about the bad press that cycle sport gets for doping is that perhaps it just reflects a higher test rate in cycling than in many other sports.  I find it incredible that other endurance sports have not embraced the benefits of EPO as cycling undoubtedly have.

Of course those dimwit athletes are probably mainlining CERA just as much as their equally dimwitted colleagues in the pro peleton, under the misapprehension that it is undetectable.  Well, I guess they are now thinking again.  A report at the BBC Sports website says that the IOC are gearing up (pardon the pun) to have 5000 samples retested (presumably blood samples, though this isn't stated in the article).

Apparently the organisers of the Giro d'Italia do not plan to re-test samples from their 2008 event for CERA.  Recent analysis of samples taken at the 2008 Tour de France have revealed further use of CERA (the EPO derivative naively thought by athletes to be undetectable), and the IOC have announce that they we re-test 5000 samples taken at Beijing this summer.

So why the dfferent strategy to doping checks?  Recall that the second placed Ricco won two stages in the Giro, and then tested positive at the Tour de France, after very strong performances in the mountains (Ricco's hero is apparently Marco Pantani, which is a little alarming given Pantani's sad demise following his positive dope tests). The claim is that tests were already doneduring the event.  But given that the Tour de France organisers have uncovered further evidence of CERA abuse, wouldn't it be wise to re-examine the Giro samples?  Or is this an indication of the "two-speed cycling" often complained about by the French?

Cyclingnews.com reports that another of the Tour de France follow up tests for CERA has turned up positive.  (Or in the rather amusing terminology of professional cycling, "non-negative").  This time it's Bernhard Kohl, a team mate of fellow drugs cheat Stefan Schumacher (Gerolsteiner).  Of course, the B sample still has to be analysed - presumably if it is in agreement with the A sample, he'll no longer be "non-negative" but will be positive.  Kohl finished in third place overall, and also won the King of the Mountains jersey (after Riccardo Ricco was disgraced by failing a CERA test during the event).

What remains to be seen is whether German cycle sport (Kohl is I think Austrian, but the team is German) can survive this blow, after a series of high profile doping positives over the last couple of years.

Cyclingnews.com reports that there is evidence that Frank Schleck was a client of Dr Eufemiano Fuentes, the notorious Spanish sports doctor that offered blood doping services to a seemingly large swathe of the pro peleton (and a bunch of other sports - but that seems to have been swept neatly under the carpet).  Frank Schleck is implicated as "Amigo di Birillo", Birillo being the code name for Ivan Basso.  Basso of course denied involvement until sufficient evidence piled up, then accepted a ban.

The Fuentes case seems to have gone a bit cold, but the bags of blood - each labeled with a puerile codename - are still being held.  It's about time these cheats got identified for once and all by DNA testing.

Cyclingnews.com reports that Floyd Landis, who tested positive for testosterone and was stripped of the 2006 Tour de France title only days after finishing in Paris, has launched an appeal against the final CAS decision to uphold their verdict of his guilt.  Oh, and the $100k bill he got stuck with.  The bases for this action are two-fold - firstly that the three arbitrators on the panel (including the one chosen by Landis and his team) had conflicts of interest, and that the decision on dumping the costs on Landis was made in a way that prevented any right for his team to respond.

What's less certain is whether the appeal can actually go anywhere - it is an appeal to a US Federal court, while the CAS arbitration was decided at their HQ in Switzerland.  Landis is due to return to racing in 2009, having served his ban.  There seems to be a curious pattern with high profile sports doping cases involving American athletes, with defence often hinging on perceived (and often minor) procedural defects.  Rarely are the athletes really able to challenge the laboratory tests themselves.  I recently wrote about an opinion piece in the journal Nature, which seemed to me to be rather cautious on the statistics of positive dope tests, particularly during lengthy sports events such as the Grand Tours.

Here are the current standings in the 2008 Beijing Olympics doping league.

Before the Games, Russia withdrew two walkers and a cyclist over positive test or suspicion of doping.   Bulgaria withdrew its entire weightlifting team due to positive tests for steroids.  The Greek weightlifting team also had numerous steroid positives.

Bad Blood: The Secret Life of the Tour De France

Jeremy Whittle

Cyclingnew.com reports that Emanuele Sella (Team CSF Group Navigare), who won three stages and the King of the Moutains in the 2008 Giro d'Italia, has tested positive for the latest formulation of EPO, CERA.  CERA is the same stuff that Ricco (second placed in the 2008 Giro overall) tested positive for in the Tour de France.

CERA seems to be the endurance athlete's dope of choice at the moment, presumably due to rumours that it was less easily detected. The Olympics start in two days - I wonder how many athletes, of all disciplines, will be collared.

Not, I think, peer-reviewed science this time, but two articles from Nature and Science respectively, both on the subject of sports doping, a subjetc which is of course very topical given the Beijing Olympics, due to start tomorrow, 8th August.  The first is a Commentary article from Donald Barry on the statistical significance of doping tests, focussing on the case of Floy Landis, who was stripped of his 2006 Tour de France victory following a positive test for testosterone.  The second article is one of a series of News articles in Science related to the upcoming Olympics, and questions whether performance enhancing drugs really do benefit performance.

The figure on the left is included in the article - it shows delta notation of isotope ratios of 167 samples tested at the LNDD (who tested the 2006 TdF samples, including Landis'), those considered positive are in red, those negative are in green.   I don't think these samples are necessarily derived from the Tour, if any, since a good number are considered positive.