The Sunday Times reports that our authoritarian Home Secretary's plans to prevent leaks from the companies working on implemented the expensive and unnecessary ID card scheme has itself been leaked.
What's particularly draconian is that it seems the desire is to implement a system whereby workers at these companies may have their homes searched without needing a search warrant.
The Y chromosome in Drosophila is a strange thing, and it has several unique features. While, just as in humans, male flies are XY and females XX, flies differ in the the Y chomosome doesn't determine "maleness". Rather the sex of the fly is determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes (the X:A ratio). If the X:A ratio is 1, then the fly is female, if it is 0.5, the fly is male. So an X0 fly (i.e. one with a single X chromosome with no Y chromosome) develops as a male. [This can be quite useful in the laboratory] What then is the Y chromosome for? It is required for male fertility but not viability. This means that XY flies are fertile males, XX fies are fertile females, XXY flies are fertile females and X0 flies are sterile males.
One might expect then that whatever genes are located on the Y chromosome are related mainly to fertility, or are genetically redundant. In fact there are very few known genes on the Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome - 12, in fact, and many if not all are related to fertility in males. 12 genes is really not many for a chromosome, and it turns out that the Y chromosome is pretty much composed of genetically inert heterochromatin and largely comprises simple sequence repetitive DNA.
The nannys at the Internet Watch Foundation, the people who generate lists of websites it doesn't think we should see, have decided that customers of Virgin Media, Be/O2/Telefonica, EasyNet/UK Online, PlusNet, Demon and Opal should be unable to view the Wikipedia page about the 1976 album Virgin Killer by German metal band The Scorpions (if you've been blocked, you won't be able to see that link). OK, it's tasteless (and I never particularly cared for the Scorpions' music), but should it have been blocked?
The blacklisting of this Wikipedia page has had consequences on the ability of those UK webusers to edit Wikipedia articles.
Hot on the heels of the good news that the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that DNA fingerprint records of individuals that were not convicted may not be retained in police (or other) databases, comes less welcome news of the developing Surveillance State.
The Independent reports that the Government is to push through legislation to permit a variety of public bodies to share and exchange sensitive data they hold on us.
I got another email from the moderators over at the BT beta broadband forums. This was in response to a post I made in which I referred to another posting which mentioned BT-Webwise- here is my posting (I removed a name, indicated by ***, and I think the post is obviously a little tongue-in-cheek):
Whoops, now you've done it, ****, you've mentioned it in your sig. Well, your post has lasted 15 minutes so far!
R
Once again, I find myself interested in a paper about the analysis of a fossil! This time the point of interest is origin of the tetrapod limb digits. The origins of the proximal elements of the tetrapod limb are well understood, and can be seen as homologues of elements of the fins of sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish). The origins of the digits may have been fin rays, or possibly evolutionary novelties. The latter explanation was supported by developmental genetic studies and analysis of fossils (including the subject of this paper, the transitional fish/tetrapod Panderichthys). In this paper, CT scanning was used to generate 3D images of Panderichthys limbs, demonstrating the presence of distal radials, and correcting a mistaken reconstruction.
The figure below shows the skeletal structure of the limb, coloured to show homologies to the elements of the tetrapod limb.
I've been re-reading this book, which I bought and first read when it was published 21 years ago. It is rather unfortunately out of print now, but is available online. L. Ron Hubbard was a pulp fiction writer who, after a less than distinguished wartime career in the US Navy, reinvented himself though Dianetics, later used as the basis for the pretty bizarre Scientology cult. [Note: Scientologists react to criticism fairly aggressively. Critical websites may be attacked by litigation or other means. For example, note the warnings at the Wikipedia page, and this article at The Register and entries about Scientology at Wikileaks]
New Humanist magazine (they of the humanist trading card fame) - have an advent calendar in which every day in the run up to the annual midwinter festival of conspicuous consumption one of:
a stellar selection of comedians and scientists speaks about explains which scientist or philosopher they would like to celebrate each year as a rational substitute for Jesus, as well as what scientific Winterval gift they'd most like to receive.
Today I received this email from a moderator on the BT Broadband forums:
Your recent posts titled: "Re: Internet Radio Bandwidth usage?" and "Re: How do I delete my account?" have been removed as they contravene with the Forum Guidelines.
I have installed the AntiPhorm plugin. This conducts two checks - firstly to identify if you are using BT-Webwise (by checking cookies), and secondly to check if you are using BT or one of the other ISPs who have publicly stated they are planning to implement the Phorm system. If either of these two conditions are met, you will see a warning banner beneath the web page header. You can carry on browsing the site.
If you see the warning banner, please take the time to visit the link for more information about Phorm, and its intrusive (and probably illegal) deep packet inspection by which your internet habits will be monitored in order to sendyou targeted advertising. The Phorm system is branded BT-Webwise when implemented via British Telecom. Some points:
Here's a further update on the BT Total Censorship and the general BT-Webwise situation - for more background, see part 1, part 2, part 3 and follow this thread at the nodpi.org forum.
For much of my professional career as a Drosophila geneticist I've worked with polytene chromosomes, and it's always interesting to see papers with interesting tidbits of information about their structure and function. Polytene chromosomes are those rather strange structures formed from high levels of chromosome endoreduplication (see this blog article for a detailed description). Polytene chromosomes are widespread in flies, and in Drosophila are mostly studied in the larval salivary glands where they are easy to work with: Calvin Bridges used salivary gland polytene chromosomes to construct his polytene chromosome map. In this paper, Tom Hartl and colleagues show Condensin complexes (which have a function in chromosome condensation and anaphase chromosome segregation; and in vitro can induce and trap DNA supercoiling) can cause polytene chromosome disassembly and antagonise transvection. Their data link processes of chromosome condensation and DNA supecoiling with higher order interphase nuclear structure that impacts on gene expression.
Unlike salivary gland polytene chromosomes, those of ovarian nurse cells break down during the development of the nurse cells, at about mid-oogenesis. In this paper, two mutant alleles of a predicted component of the condensin II complex, Cap-H2 are studied. In flies mutant for Cap-H2, the nurse cell polytene chromosomes don't disassemble.
This recent paper caught my eye, as as some of my recent research has related to the regulation of antimicrobial defence in Drosophila. Insects have a two ways of coping with microbial infection. Firstly, microbes may be dealt with by circulating blood cells (haemocytes) of which there are several classes. Haemocytes to no play any role in respiration in insects. A second means of controlling microbes involves several peptides that kill bacteria or fungi: these are usually expressed in response to the presence of microbes in the haemolymph. Interestingly, this induced system has a counterpart in vertebrates. It's generally thought that the important system in clearing pathogenic microbes in insects is the induced antimicrobial peptides. This paper investigates the roles of both systems.
The authors have evaluated the relative use of these two mechanisms of infection control in Tenebrio molitorI, the mealworm (picture above). Their hypothesis is that the haemocytes represent the first line of defence, with the induced response of antimicrobial peptides mopping up microbes remaining from the first round defence. In this model, the induced antimicrobial response largely functions to eliminate suviving pathogens that may be refractory to the first line of defence.
Here's a brief update on the BT Total Censorship and the general BT-Webwise situation - for more background, see part 1 and part 2, and follow this thread at the nodpi.org forum.
PC World - UK Prosecutors Investigate BT Over Online Ad System PC World magazine pick up on stories that the Crown Prosecution Service is now investigating illegal interception conducted by BT in 2006 and 2007.
Section 41 blog - Two Conferences Raise Concerns over Phorm Reports from two recent conferences on internet privacy, in which BT's activity came in for comment.
There's an interesting news article in Science, entitled Last Stand for the Body Snatcher of the Himalayas?, concerning a fungus with quite unusual habits. The full citation can be found at the end of this article.
Cordyceps sinensis is a pretty strange fungus - it infects ghost moth caterpillars, and in doing so alters their behaviour such that when they hibernate for the winter, they orient themselves on end and near to the surface. Over the winter, the fungus consumes the caterpillar and eventually pushes a fruiting body above ground. In the picture below, you can see remnants of the caterpillar, from which the brown 'mushroom' protrudes (picture from wikipedia).
A group of contributors to the nodpi.org website braved the vile elements in Manchester to hand out leaflets outside the "Privacy by Design" meeting, to highlight issues surrounding the vile Phorm and BT's implementation BT Webwise. Here is their report.
So, what's the point of having scientific advisors if you plain ignore what they tell you? A group of scientists have written to The Guardian urging the House of Lords to look at scientific evidence and hold off from reclassifying cannabis from C to B. (Ben Goldacre's Bad Science blog has featured media misrepresentation of cannabis)
The Register reports that the Home Secretary ignored her advisors, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD), and proposes re-classifying the drug.
This interesting paper investigates whether there is a relationship between polyandry and selfish genetic elements, in the fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura.
Polyandry - where females have multiple mating partners - is widespread in animals, but despite its frequency, little is known of the costs and benefits of this reproductive strategy (though this paper cites evidence that the costs of multiple mating appear to outweigh the benefits. It is likely that the benefits lie in that polyandry gives the female a greater degree of control over paternity, via sperm competition. There is also a possibility that selfish genetic elements may promote polyandry by correlating male fitness with sperm competition.
The BBC has this report on an interesting marine biology discovery, relevant to explaining trace fossils. Unfortunately it's a bit vague (exemplified by its title - 'Grape' is key to fossil puzzle), and doesn't have a link to the original research paper in Current Biology. Personally, I think it looks less like a grape and more like a truffle. The picture to the left shows a cleaned up example - the real things roll around the sea floor covered in mud.
Greg Laden's Blog - Giant Gromia (amoebas) may account for ancient sea floor tracks presents a rather more coherent account of the paper, and includes a citation. Unfortunately my university doesn't have an online subscription to Current Biology. Rats! Rats!
The latest publication from our project investigating a Drosophila homologue of WRN exonuclease is now online.
Ivan Boubriak, Penelope A. Mason, David J. Clancy, Joel Dockray, Robert D. C. Saunders, Lynne S. Cox (2008). DmWRNexo is a 3′–5′ exonuclease: phenotypic and biochemical characterization of mutants of the Drosophila orthologue of human WRN exonuclease Biogerontology DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9181-3